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A top researcher says a new divide is emerging in AI use — and most people are on the losing side

Are you using AI to think — or letting it think for you?

Vivienne Ming, chief scientist at the Possibility Institute, a metascience research group, and founder of Socos Labs, an AI and education firm, says the tech is splitting people into two groups: a small minority who use it to think better, and a much larger majority who use it to think less.

“The overwhelming trend is substitution,” Ming said in a recent interview with Business Insider in London. Instead of using AI to deepen their reasoning, most people are outsourcing it, she said.

That distinction is what Ming describes as a growing cognitive divide between people who use AI to enhance their thinking and those who rely on it to think for them.

As AI tools become embedded across workplaces, from coding to writing and analysis, a growing number of AI researchers have warned that overreliance on the technology could dull cognitive and independent thinking skills.

The risks are already emerging: when Anthropic’s Claude went down earlier this month, some developers said they struggled to keep working, as tasks that had become routine suddenly felt harder without AI.

‘Productive friction’

To test AI’s impact on cognitive skills, Ming said she ran an experiment from late summer through fall of 2025. She created teams of three, including 39 students from UC Berkeley and 33 others from the San Francisco Bay Area, to use Polymarket data to predict real-world events, either working alone or with AI systems.

The results, she said, showed roughly 90% to 95% of participants fell into two groups: those who relied on AI to generate answers for them, and those who used it to validate their own assumptions.

The remaining minority — around 5% to 10% — took a different approach, which Ming calls the “cyborgs.”

Rather than relying on AI for answers, they used it as a collaborator, exploring ideas, challenging assumptions, and pushing the problem forward, while the AI brought in data and counterarguments.

The process created what Ming described as “productive friction.”

“They would challenge the AI,” she said, and ask, “Don’t tell me why I’m right — tell me why I’m wrong.”

‘Hybrid intelligence’

This dynamic is what Ming calls “hybrid intelligence” — not simply humans plus machines, but a distinct form of intelligence that emerges from how the two interact.

In her research, she found that the best human-AI collaboration wasn’t driven by more advanced large language models but by human traits such as curiosity, intellectual humility, perspective-taking, and the ability to reason under uncertainty.

Her concern is that most current uses of AI push people in the opposite direction.

Ming compares it to GPS: a tool that makes your life easier in the short term but can degrade cognitive abilities over time if overused.

“If you’re using it to think for you,” Ming said of AI models, “this is your long-term cognitive health. So yes, 100% skill erasure.”

The implications extend beyond individuals. Workplaces increasingly reward speed and efficiency — conditions that encourage employees to accept AI-generated outputs rather than interrogate them.

That, Ming warned, could lead to a world of competent but indistinguishable work, or what she called “AI slop.”

“The answer you’re getting out of your phone is the exact same answer everyone else is getting,” she said. “Even if it’s right, it brings you no value.”




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I’m an Amazon tech lead who got promoted by building AI products. Here are my top vibe coding tips.

This as-told-to essay is based on a conversation with Anni Chen, who has worked in Amazon software engineering for about three-and-a-half years. It has been edited for length and clarity. Business Insider has verified her employment history.

AI helped me code, but more importantly, it helped with turning it into products. It’s the combination of grasping AI and translating it into scalable products that helped me get promoted faster.

I started off as a Software Engineer I, an entry-level role, in 2022. I was in the recommendations team working on serving recommendation widgets.

About two years ago, I started working on AI products on the side. That became huge and eventually spun off into its own team, which I’m a founding engineer of.

I was promoted in the recommendations team to Software Engineer II, and then I got promoted in the current team to senior engineer.

I focus on what we call memory, which powers personalization in generative AI experiences across Amazon.

AI writes 95% of my code

I started using AI as a side project to generate engaging titles for recommendation widgets when ChatGPT and Claude emerged. I saw how powerful it is in generating something really creative.

I started thinking: whenever I have a question or I want to code something up, I’ll just ask AI for help first before I attempt it.

I saw that the solution it came up with was leveling up my own code, and it helped me code more, too. Now I would say almost 95% of the code authored by me is written by AI.

I’m not just using AI to code; I also integrate AI’s output into products. I need to have a deep understanding of how AI works, what works well, and what doesn’t.

I have to be open and receptive to new models and tools coming out that can help with product iterations and make products better.

I work as a tech lead on large-scale LLM-driven systems in production environments, so I have a front-row seat to how AI-assisted workflows behave, not just in prototypes but under real-world scale and cross-team collaboration.

Top tips for vibe coding

The first tip is understanding the inner workings of LLMs and where they might fail.

LLMs are pre-trained — they’re trained on a large corpus, and it’s a probabilistic game. It’s followed by supervised fine-tuning, so the model will answer based on the structuring of a question and the answering format. Lastly, it’s followed by RLHF — reinforcement learning from human feedback.

By understanding these three steps, you can know, for example, when the LLM will not understand what you’re talking about, and when it needs domain knowledge from you. You will know when to use a new window or why hallucinations happen.

By understanding the limitations of the context window, you know when to break problems down. You will learn how to follow the structure to break things down into lower levels, and then you slowly focus on each component and generate.

By understanding the inner workings, you also know that you have to explain things to a peer. If you don’t explain in detail, it will default all those assumptions to the most common pattern, but that might not fit your use case.

My second tip: Think before vibe coding.

If you check the answer first, then your thoughts will be swayed by the answers. Compare your thoughts versus the LLM’s and see what the gaps are — what you didn’t know, and why the answer differs. From there, you know what implicit assumptions you haven’t told the LLM.

Thirdly, prompt for hard questions. Ask questions like what is the fallback when there is an error, or how this is going to scale? This is like a teacher asking a student, or a senior engineer asking a junior engineer to make sure the hard cases are covered. If you want the product to scale, think about it from day one and be conscious about asking those scaling questions.

Lastly, review and understand. Always review at each step, not just review after the whole code is generated. This ensures errors stop early rather than cascading all the way to the end, where you need to redo everything.

Creating wrong code is very dangerous. The presence of code makes people think, “Okay, this is good, it’s working.” But wrong code that enters production can cause more damage than the absence of functionality.

Understanding code is still important

You have to understand your own code. AI lowers the barrier to writing code, but not the responsibility for understanding it.

If something goes wrong and the code was committed by you, you’re the one responsible.

Imagine your code breaks in production, and you need to fix it, and you say, “I also don’t know, AI told me.” That’s not the correct way.

I don’t think we can entrust AI with such high-stakes tasks yet.

Understanding becomes easier with AI because it’s also a perfect learning opportunity. You can simply open another window and ask it to explain the concept.

If you ask in the same window about what it produced, it will explain only in that context. But you want to understand the concept more generally and see whether it makes sense to apply in this case.

Do you have a story to share about coding with AI? Contact this reporter at cmlee@businessinsider.com.




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Headshot of Chris Panella.

Top American admiral in the Middle East says the US struck an Iranian drone carrier. He said ‘it’s on fire.’

The US struck an Iranian drone carrier, and the vessel is currently on fire, the top American admiral in the Middle East said.

Iran’s drone carriers are specialized crewed combat vessels capable of launching a mix of one-way attack drones and uncrewed reconnaissance and strike platforms. Destroying Iran’s naval forces, including warships, has been named a priority by US President Donald Trump and other officials in Operation Epic Fury.

On Thursday afternoon, Adm. Brad Cooper, commander of US Central Command overseeing the Middle East, said, “In just the last few hours, we hit an Iranian drone carrier ship, roughly the size of a World War II aircraft carrier, and as we speak, it’s on fire.”

Cooper didn’t elaborate on where the carrier was located or what it kind of munition hit it. He said that US forces have sunk over 30 Iranian vessels since the start of Operation Epic Fury last weekend.

Tehran has multiple vessels capable of serving as launch platforms for drones, including a former tanker converted into a forward base ship that was seen smoking at its home port in recent satellite images, but Iran’s dedicated, purpose-built drone carrier is the IRIS Shahid Bagheri.

Cooper didn’t identify the targeted Iranian vessel.

The Shahid Bagheri, formerly a container ship before it was reworked and commissioned into the navy last year.

The Iranian vessel features a ski jump-style ramp, one similar in some respects to those on Soviet-built carriers like the Russian Admiral Kuznetsov or Chinese derivatives, that are used to launch aircraft. The vessel can launch a mix of different drones.

During Thursday’s briefing, Cooper also offered several other updates on the US war in Iran. He said that within the last 72 hours, US bombers had struck nearly 200 targets “deep inside of Iran, including around Tehran.” In the last hour, he said at the 5 pm EST event, US Air Force B-2 Spirit bombers dropped “dozens” of 2,000-pound penetrative bombs on buried ballistic missile launchers.

The last day of operations, compared to the start of the conflict, has seen dramatic decreases in Iranian attacks beyond its borders, Cooper said. Ballistic missile attacks are down by 90% and the drone attacks are down by 83%. Reductions in these attacks reduces the strain on air defenders and interceptor stockpiles.

US forces have also targeted Iran’s equivalent of US Space Command, Cooper said, “which degrades their ability to threaten Americans.”




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We spent 2 summers testing out living in different European countries. A year later, we’re happily settled in our top pick.

No one really tells you how to look for a home — and I don’t mean a structure with four walls and a front door.

I mean the place you’re proud to be part of, to describe to people who’ve never been, to bond over with strangers you’ve just met.

If I’m honest, my husband Cody and I started our search for a new home from vastly different perspectives: I’m a Guyanese-American Black woman raised by Caribbean parents in an eclectic corner of North Jersey.

I grew up proudly wearing my badge of independence as I took the bus and train between my hometown and New York City, the sound of different languages lulling me to sleep on the way home from Manhattan.

Cody, the firstborn in a blended, mostly evangelical family, jumped at the chance to leave rural Indiana as soon as he was able. He craved walkability, third spaces, and access to culturally diverse communities.

We met nearly 12 years ago in North Carolina and, for a while, found some common ground in Durham — its tight-knit community felt familiar to me, and the (semi) walkable neighborhoods suited him.

When remote companies became our sole source of work, we found ourselves with the freedom and opportunity to do what we hadn’t before: travel overseas.

Soon, we began to wonder if home might exist outside the contiguous US.

Throughout our summer of travel, we began looking for a place to settle


Woman in London smiling

We spent time exploring London.

Ashley Stahm



We’d never been to Europe, so we took two months in the summer of 2023 to travel to Paris, Nice, and Cassis, France; Brussels, Belgium; Amsterdam, Netherlands; and London, England.

Those cities, of course, are as different as the four corners of the US, and perhaps even more so due to linguistic, cultural, and climate differences.

We packed a single checked bag and hauled it from city to city on trains and across cobblestones, shedding our crewnecks and rain jackets as we walked along Amsterdam’s canals for shorts and bathing suits in the south of France.

We loved the bicycle infrastructure in Amsterdam, the café culture in Paris, and the cultural diversity and ample green space in London.

However, our research taught us that the Netherlands, France, and the UK would not be particularly easy countries for us to immigrate to.

Not to mention, we stayed in each city during the summer, experiencing the most vibrant version of each. What would living in London feel like in winter, with the sun lost behind endless overcast skies? What would Paris be like when it rained days on end?


Man with bicycle near bridge, flowers

We enjoyed visiting Amsterdam during the summer.

Ashley Stahm



Around six weeks into our foray across those four countries that summer, we took a beat. What, exactly, were we looking for?

We’d seen Big Ben. We’d seen the Eiffel Tower. We’d biked across canals in Amsterdam, and had Belgian waffles in the place they originated because, well, of course we did.

The magic of our first European tour was captivating, sure, but we were looking for a home.

We realigned on the basics: We specifically wanted a place where we could build a childfree community. We craved places for adults to meet and support one another, with the intent of growing old together.

We never, ever wanted to own a car again. We wanted healthcare to feel accessible. We needed a feasible way to immigrate and integrate, language, bureaucracy, and all.

We wanted to be in this new home for the long haul.

As our travels continued, we found a not-so-great fit and one city that felt right


Man and woman toasting drinks at table, smiling

We spent our travels exploring new places and celebrating milestones.

Ashley Stahm



It was with that renewed direction that we went home and planned for our next trip across the Atlantic: this time to Lisbon, Portugal, and Barcelona, Spain.

Although their two countries shared a border, these two cities couldn’t have been more different to us.

In Barcelona, Catalan was spoken so widely that my high-school Spanish wasn’t as useful as I’d hoped. Between the stifling summer heat and what I perceived as a noticeable lack of visible representation of dark-skinned Black (and Afro-Caribbean) women like myself, the city just wasn’t a match for me.

I wasn’t expecting to see reflections of myself everywhere; I was in Europe, after all. However, knowing that Spain is home to millions of immigrants, I also hadn’t expected to feel so conspicuous and be pored over so much.

Although I left Spain feeling more alienated than ever, Portugal soon stole our hearts.

Everywhere I looked, I saw melanin. Throughout our time in Lisbon, I heard a mix of languages and accents — not just European Portuguese, but also Brazilian, Angolan, and Mozambican Portuguese, along with French and English — reflecting the diversity of the people around me.

I sat among greenery, quiosques, miradouros, and old ladies in crisp slacks with beers in hand at 11 a.m., gossiping with their neighbors before heading to the local tasca for almoço and a pastel de nata.

For us, Lisbon felt like it could be home.

After 2 years of searching, we’ve settled on Lisbon


Woman smiling against colorful door

From the north in Porto to the south in the Algarve, I couldn’t pick my jaw up off the floor.

Ashley Stahm



Eventually, we decided to move to Portugal’s capital city, where we had found walkable neighborhoods and a social community of both locals and expats — just as we’d hoped.

It’s warm and sunny year-round, so we didn’t need to worry so much about possible gloominess during other seasons.

Portugal also offers a universal public healthcare system that seems accessible, plus more visa routes than some other countries we’d considered.

Like most truly multicultural countries, though, it is grappling with geopolitical and economic friction that we’re still learning about.

However, there was what was on our list, and then there was what our hearts needed: A country willing to welcome us, teach us, and be patient (as we figured out how to file our immigration paperwork in a language we’re still learning).

We’re immigrants in a land whose respect we are still earning, alongside friends from all over the globe who are starting over, just like us. The effort is well worth it.

From where we stand, a full two years after we began our search, we’re finally home.




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He owns 2.7 million acres and is married to a Walmart heiress. Meet America’s top private landowner.

One man in the US owns enough land to cover the entire state of Delaware nearly twice over — or New York City 14 times over.

Billionaire Stanley Kroenke is the largest landowner in America, owning 2.7 million acres, according to the 2026 Land Report 100, which tracks individual landowners across the US.

Kroenke’s holdings beat the record previously held by California’s Emmerson family, which owns 2.44 million acres of timberland across California, Oregon, and Washington.

Kroenke, 78, has an estimated net worth of $22.2 billion as of March 2, Forbes reported.

His fortune is largely tied to his investments in sports franchises and commercial and ranching real estate.

A growing portfolio

In 2016, Kroenke acquired the historic Waggoner Ranch in Texas, a 535,000-acre landmark founded in 1849 by Dan Waggoner.

At the time, it was Kroenke’s largest holding, and the Waggoner was widely described as one of the largest ranches in the United States under a single fence, as reported by American Cowboy magazine.

Then, in December 2025, the land magnate bought over 937,000 deeded acres in New Mexico, the single-largest land purchase in the US in over a decade.

This ranchland purchase put Kroenke at the top of the landowner list after years in the top five.

He also owns extensive land outside the US. In 2003, he bought Douglas Lake Ranch, Canada’s largest working cattle ranch, which spans more than 500,000 acres in British Columbia.


Horses grazing on Douglas Lake Ranch, British Columbia, Canada

Kroenke also owns Douglas Lake Ranch, Canada’s largest working cattle ranch.

Jon Spalding/Shutterstock



Aside from owning millions of acres in Western ranchlands, Kroenke also owns about 60 million square feet of commercial real estate, The New York Times reported.

Much of that portfolio consists of shopping centers anchored by Walmart stores, a strategy Kroenke began building decades ago that helped fund his expansion into sports and large-scale land acquisitions.

A valuable sports empire

Some of the billionaire’s real estate holdings include sports venues in Denver and outside Los Angeles, both cities where Kroenke-owned sports teams play.

Kroenke’s sports holdings, which are responsible for a large portion of his fortune, include the Los Angeles Rams, the Colorado Avalanche, the Denver Nuggets, the Colorado Mammoth, the Colorado Rapids, and Britain’s Arsenal soccer club.


Terry Bradshaw presents Stanley Kroenke, owner of the Los Angeles Rams and General Manager Les Snead the NFC Championship trophy after defeating the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Championship game at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome on January 20, 2019 in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Kroenke, right, receives the NFC Championship trophy in 2019 after the Los Angeles Rams beat the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Championship game.

Chris Graythen/Getty Images



The soaring valuations of his NFL and global soccer franchises have significantly boosted the value of Kroenke’s portfolio, as media rights deals and international fan bases push teams’ worth into the billions.

Last year, Forbes ranked Kroenke as the ninth richest NFL team owner.

Half of a power couple

Kroenke’s connection to Walmart isn’t just a business one — he’s married to Walmart heiress Ann Walton, the daughter of its cofounder James “Bud” Walton.

Ann Walton herself is worth an estimated $14.6 billion, per Forbes.

They married in 1974 and have two children together, Josh and Whitney Ann.


Ann Walton Kroenke pictured with her son, Josh Kroenke.

Ann Walton Kroenke with her son, Josh Kroenke.

John Leyba/The Denver Post via Getty Images



Despite marrying a Walmart heiress, Kroenke’s fortune has been largely self-made in the real-estate sector.

From nearly a million acres of Western ranchland to NFL stadiums packed with fans, Kroenke’s empire now spans more territory than some US states and more than any other person in the country.




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Kelsey Baker, Military and Defense Reporting Fellow

It’s not just Harvard. The Pentagon is barring troops from attending more Ivy League schools and other top universities.

Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth said Friday that the Pentagon is formally cutting ties with Ivy League schools and other top universities, barring all active-duty troops seeking graduate-level education from attending specific institutions.

Military attendance at select schools will be canceled starting this coming academic year, Hegseth said in an X post, accusing schools of indoctrinating service members with an unexplained “woke” ideology.

It is not clear how this change will affect active-duty students already in the middle of multi-year programs.

The military’s professional military education system has “been poisoned from within by a class of so-called elite universities who’ve abused their privilege and access,” Hegesth said, and have instead become “factories of anti-American resentment and military disdain.”

Elite schools, such as Princeton, Yale, Columbia, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have “taken our best and brightest, the men and women who pledged their lives to this nation, and subjected them to a curriculum of contempt,” the secretary said. “They’ve replaced the study of victory and pragmatic realism with the promotion of wokeness and weakness. They’ve traded true intellectual rigor for radical dogma, sacrificed. Seek free expression for the suffocating confines of leftist ideology.”

The Pentagon did not respond to Business Insider’s request for specific details on Hegseth’s allegations. BI also requested a full list of schools affected by the Friday announcement, which was not provided.


US service members fly above the Pentagon in northern Virginia.

The Pentagon is scrutinizing its partnerships with institutions of higher learning.

DoD photo by U.S. Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class Alexander Kubitza



If a senior officer selected for graduate school is already a top performer, it’s unrealistic to think a one- or two-year program would fundamentally change them, said Dan Maurer, a retired Army lieutenant colonel and associate law professor at Ohio Northern University who called the thought of such a sudden personal philosophical change “far-fetched.”

He also said it’s valuable to have troops and civilians exposed to one another, as it helps bridge the ever-widening gap between American civilians and their military.

Hegseth made the announcement on X on Friday afternoon, just hours after using the platform to announce that the military’s relationship with Scouting America (formerly Boy Scouts) will hinge on the nonprofit’s acceptance of Pentagon requests to change the program, including halting DEI efforts and barring transgender youth from openly participating in Scouts.

These universities teach service members “to despise the very nation they swore to defend,” and enforce a “creed of globalist submission,” he said in the most recent announcement.

A list of 33 schools undergoing DoD review emerged online last week after an Army JAG notified active-duty troops and prospective students that certain schools may no longer be available to them and advised troops to “have a backup plan.”

That leaked guidance noted that Harvard was “fully off limits,” a reflection of the Pentagon’s previous decision to sever ties with Harvard University. Hegseth, who has a master’s degree from Harvard, accused it of being “one of the red-hot centers of Hate America activism.” Other schools were marked as risks.

One prospective student on active duty who hopes to attend one of the schools previously marked for review by the Pentagon told Business Insider the latest announcement from Hegseth has deflated them and may contribute to their decision to leave the military early. They spoke on the condition of anonymity due to concerns about professional repercussions.

A new review is forthcoming for “senior service” schools and internal war colleges, the secretary said, “ensuring they are once again bastions of strategic thought wholly dedicated to the singular mission of developing the most lethal and effective leaders and war fighters the world has ever known.”

He did not specify which institutions the review could include, though schools like the National Defense University and each service’s war college could be targeted.




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Top Anthropic executive limits his child’s YouTube algorithm access: ‘It freaks me out’

Jack Clark, Anthropic’s head of policy, says he spends his days thinking about AI guardrails.

At home, he says he’s building guardrails, too — for his own kids.

During an interview with “The Ezra Klein Show,” Clark said he limits how much technology his toddler uses and is uneasy about algorithmic exposure for his children.

“I have the classic Californian technology executive view of not having that much technology around for children,” Clark, who recently returned from parental leave and has a newborn at home, said. “I think finding a way to budget your child’s time with technology has always been the work of parents and will continue to be.”

He said technology is becoming more “ubiquitous,” making it “hard to escape” for parents.

At home, Clark said his toddler can watch “Bluey” and a few other shows on their smart TV, but he hasn’t allowed “unfettered access to the YouTube algorithm.”

“It freaks me out,” he added.

Clark’s approach echoes other tech leaders who limit their kids’ screen time.

In 2025, Miranda Kerr said she and her husband, Snap CEO Evan Spiegel, didn’t allow her then-14-year-old son to have phones or computers in his bedroom after 9:30 pm. In 2024, PayPal cofounder Peter Thiel said he limits his children’s screen time to 90 minutes a week. Apple’s cofounder Steve Jobs famously told the New York Times in 2010 that his kids hadn’t used an iPad.

“We limit how much technology our kids use at home,” Jobs said.

Clark says his parenting model is partially based on how he grew up. His father, who had a computer at his office, would let Clark use the machine — but would step in when screen time got excessive.

“My dad would let me play on the computer, and at some point he’d say: Jack, you’ve had enough computers today. You’re getting weird,” he said.

AI systems will need stronger parental controls, Clark said. Those guardrails, he said, will take on increased importance in the AI race — especially as children try to access systems intended for adults.

“So we’re going to need to build pretty heavy parental controls into this system,” he said. “We serve ages 18 and up today, but obviously, kids are smart, and they’re going to try to get onto this stuff.”

Clark and Anthropic didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment from Business Insider. When reached for comment, a YouTube spokesperson pointed Business Insider to a guide on the platform’s website about age-appropriate experiences and parental controls.




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